Metal Plating
Metal Plating is the process which a layer is coated onto a solid surface. Metal Plating is used in computers, mobile phones, and electronic devices. Moreover, plating is key for the development of new machines.
Thin-film techniques accomplis plating on thicknesses as small as an atom, so some plating applications are nanotechnology. Plating methods 1) a surface is coated with a metal sheet then plated by heating. 2) vapor deposition under vacuum 3) sputtering 4) using vacuum conditions or gas Recently only techniques using liquid are called "plating".
Metallizing is the process of coating metal to non-metallic objects. Electroplating Electroplating - a metal in its ionic form is induced with electrons to a non-ionic coating. Most common involves: chemical which contains the ionic form of required coating metal, anode ( + charged) which may consist of metal to be plated (soluble anode) or insoluble anode (platinum, titanium, typically carbon, lead, steel), and a cathode ( - charged) where electrons induced to form a film of non-ionic metal.
Gold plating depositing a layer of gold on surface of metal, often copper or silver. Gold plating is used in electronics, and provides a corrosion-resistant conductive layer on copper, in electrical connectors or circuit boards. gold-on-copper, copper atoms have a tendency to diffuse through gold layer, reslting in tarnishing of surface and an oxide/sulfide layer. A layer of barrier, usually nickel, has to be placed on the copper, forming copper-nickel-gold layers.
Silver plating silver is often used as a replacement for gold. Care should be used for high humidity environments. If silver layer is porous , copper undergoes galvanic corrosion, flaking off plating and exposing the copper ; known as red plague.
Chrome plating
a finishing treatment using the electrolytic deposition of chromium.
the thin, decorative chrome, which is a 10 µm layer over a nickel plate. imparts mirror-like finish on items like metal furniture and automotive trim. Thicker deposits, up to 1000 µm, called hard chrome are used in industrial equipment reduce friction, wear and restore dimensions of equipment that are worn. a treatment utilizing the deposition of chromium. Chromium plating solutions two types of chromium plating: industrial and decorative.
Industrial plating referred to as Hard Chrome or Engineered Chrome. two types of Industrial plating solutions: 1. Hexavalent chromium baths whose main ingredient is chromic anhydride. 2. Trivalent chromium main ingredient is chromium sulfate or chromium chloride. Trivalent chromium baths not common, restrictions concerning color, brittleness, and thickness. Typical composition and operation of the hexavalent bath Chromic acid (CrO3): 250–300 g/l. Sulfuric acid: 2.5–3.0 g/l. Operating temperature: 45 to 60 °C. Plating current: 1.55–3.10 kiloamperes per square meter DC. Maximum superimposed AC ripple allowed is 18%, preferred ripple is 5% to 10%. Anodes: lead with up to 7% tin or antimony. Chromium may be stripped anodically in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The materials described are hazardous, toxic, corrosive and damaging to the environment. use, storage, disposal are governed by law. Personal safety equipment and containment facilities are mandatory.
Quality requirements Hard chromium layers (over 10 micrometres)used in various applications consequently subject to quality requirements. Hard chromium layers on piston rods of hydraulic cylinders are tested on corrosion resistance in salt spray cabinets. Because these are destructive tests, only representative sample material can be tested. The salt spray solutions and the conditions in the cabinet are normed as well as the evaluation of the result after the test. The duration of the test is depending the agressivity of the test and the general expectation the industry has developed for this type of materials. In general there is a requirement that the deposit be uniform in thickness on all surfaces, and should be smooth, homogeneous and free from frosty areas, pin holes, pits, nodules, and other defects.
Zinc plating Zinc coatings prevent oxidation. They form a barrier, and are a sacrificial anode. Zinc oxide a fine white dust does not breakdown. Zinc oxide can act as a barrier to oxidation. Similar to aluminium, stainless steels by their oxide layers.
Tin plating Used to protect ferrous and nonferrous surfaces. a useful metal for food processing, non-toxic, ductile and corrosion resistant. ductility of tin allows coated base metal sheet formed into a variety of shapes without damage. provides protection for copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, not for steel. also used in electronics because of its ability to protect base metal from oxidation.
Metallization started as mirror making. 1835, Justus von Liebig invented coating a glass surface with metallic silver Plating non-metallic objects grew with introduction of plastic. Metallization started as mirror making. 1835, Justus von Liebig invented coating a glass surface with metallic silver Plating non-metallic objects grew with introduction of plastic.
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3 Powerful Ways To Perfectly Restore Old Plated Items, bringing them back to life with the luster and beauty they had many years ago.
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How to completely eliminate lead in when working in semiconductor regions.
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Also used for decoration, to provide silver or gold exterior.
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